Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry-
6^th Edition – McMurry

CHAPTER 9 VOCABULARY: Solutions

List created by: Jane Woolard - Spring 2010

Electrolyte – a substance that produces ions and therefore conducts electricity when dissolved in water.

Equivalent (Eq.) –For ions, the amount equal to 1mol of charge.

Gram equivalent – For ions, the molar mass of the ion divided by the ionic charge.

Henry’s Law – the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure over the liquid at constant temperature.

Heterogeneous Mixture – a nonuniform mixture that has regions of different composition.

Homogeneous Mixture – a uniform mixture that has the same composition throughout.

Hygroscopic – Having the ability to pull water molecules from the surrounding atmosphere

Hypertonic – Having an osmolarity greater than the surrounding blood plasma or cells

Hypotonic – Having an osmolarity less than the surrounding blood plasma or cells

Isotonic – Having the same osmolarity

Miscible – Mutually soluble in all proportions

Molarity (M) – Concentration expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Nonelectrolyte – a substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water

Osmolarity (osmol) – The sum of the molarities of all dissolved particles in a solution

Osmosis – The passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentration

Osmotic Pressure – the amount of external pressure applied to the more concentrated solution to halt the passage of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane

Parts per billion (ppb) – Number of parts per one billion (10⁹) parts

Parts per million (ppm)- Number of parts per one million (10⁶) parts

Saturated solution – a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at equilibrium

Solubility – The maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature

Solute – a substance dissolved in liquid

Solution – a homogeneous mixture that contains particles the size of a typical ion or small molecule

Solvation – the clustering of solvent molecules around a dissolved solute molecule or ion

Solvent – The liquid in which another substance dissolves

Strong electrolyte – A substance that ionizes completely when dissolved in water

Supersaturated solution – A solution that contains more than the maximum amount of dissolved solute; a nonequilibrium situation

Volume/volume percent concentration (v/v)% - a concentration expressed as the number of milliliters of solute dissolved in 100 milliliters of solution

Weak electrolyte – a substance that is only partly ionized in water

Weight/volume percent concentration (w/v)% - Concentration expressed as the number of grams of solute per 100 milliliters of solution